Hipinosi
Hipinosi (kuchokera ku Chigiriki: ὕπνος, 'gona'), ndi njira yopangira munthu kuti akhale pachiwopsezo chokhazikika, pomwe malingaliro ake amakhala osasunthika komanso ofooka, pomwe munthuyo amakhala ndi chidwi chambiri ndipo amatha kuvomereza malangizo (sajesioni). Mu Malawi, hipinosi imadziwika ngati chida chothandiza m'maboma osiyanasiyana a thanzi la malingaliro ndi zamankhwala, koma imayang'aniridwa ndi nkhani za chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro a anthu.
Mtanthauzira
Hipinosi ndi chimodzimodzi cha kupezeka kwa malingaliro komwe kumaloledwa ndi wina aliyense kapena kudziyika mwini, pomwe malingaliro amasanduka osasunthika, ofooka, ndipo amakhala ndi chidwi chokhazikika. Pa nthawiyi, munthu amatha kuvomereza malangizo a wothandizira (hypnotist) mosavuta kuposa momwe angachitire pamene ali pachiwopsezo chachikale. Hipinosi si gona; anthu a hipinosi samagona, koma amakhala ndi nzeru zonse ndipo amakumbukira zomwe zinachitika, kupatula ngati atapatsidwa malangizo oti asakumbukire. Mu Malawi, tanthauzo ili lidakula kuchokera ku malingaliro a zamatsenga kupita ku kumvetsetsa kwa sayansi.
Mbiri
Padziko Lonse
Mbiri ya hipinosi yayamba kale ku Europe, makamaka ku Austria ndi Germany mu zaka za m'ma 1700, pomwe adalembedwa ndi Franz Mesmer, yemwe adamanga dongosolo lotchedwa "mesmerism". Koma kumvetsetsa kwa sayansi kwa hipinosi kunayamba kwambiri mu zaka za m'ma 1900, pomwe asayansi monga Sigmund Freud adagwiritsa ntchito hipinosi pofufuza malingaliro a munthu. Pambuyo pake, ku Britain ndi ku America, adagawika mitu yiwiri: imodzi ikuyang'ana hipinosi ngati chinthu chosiyana (state theory) ndi ina ikuyang'ana ngati njira yothetsera vuto (non-state theory). Lero, hipinosi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maboma ambiri a zamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi.
Mu Malawi
Mu Malawi, kugwiritsa ntchito hipinosi kunayamba kuwoneka mochedwa, pang'ono pambuyo pa ufulu mu 1964. Kuyambira m'ma 1990 ndi 2000, adalowa asayansi a zamalingaliro ochokera kunja komanso a ku Malawi omwe adabweretsa njira izi. Chipatala cha Queen Elizabeth ku Blantyre ndi chipatala cha Kamuzu Central ku Lilongwe ndi m'mene anayambira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za chithandizo cha malingaliro, monga hipinosi, pofuna kuthana ndi masautso a m'maganizo, kuchepetsa madolo, ndi kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kudziwa. Gulu la Malawi Counsellors and Psychologists Association (MACPA) ndilo lili ndi udindo woonetsetsa kuti njira izi zigwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera.
Mitundu
Hipinosi ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito malinga ndi zolinga.
- Hipinosi Yachipatala (Clinical Hypnosis): Iyi ndi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito adokotala, akatswiri a thanzi la malingaliro, kapena anursi ophunzira. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchiza matenda monga kuwawa kwa thupi, kusowa tulo, mantha, ndi kulephera kuleka chidakwa. Mu Malawi, imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mipatala yachipatala ndi m'makliniki a thanzi la malingaliro.
- Hipinosi Yachiwembu (Stage Hypnosis): Iyi ndi yomwe amaonetsa pa mapiko kuti asangalats anthu. Amachita kuti anthu achite zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kulira monga nkhuku, kusewera ngati amene ali ndi chisoni, ndi zina. Izi sizigwiritsidwa ntchito pa chithandizo, ndipo mu Malawi, sizipezeka kwambiri chifukwa anthu amachiona ngati zosayenera.
- Hipinosi Yogwiritsidwa Ntchito Mwini (Self-Hypnosis): Ndimeneyu munthu amaphunzira kudziyika mwini pachiwopsezo cha hipinosi popanda wothandizira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchepetsa ndende, kukonza maganizo, kapena kuphunzira. Mabuluku ndi makalasi a hipinosi ogwiritsidwa ntchito mwini apezeka pang'ono mu mabuku a ku Malawi ndi pa intaneti.
- Hipinosi Yobwerera (Regression Hypnosis): Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti abweze munthu kuzaka zake zapamwamba, kapena m'mbuyomu, kuti afufuze zomwe zingakhale zatsogolera ku vuto lomwe alinalo. Mu Malawi, njira iyi imayang'aniridwa kwambiri ndipo sizigwiritsidwa ntchito mwambiri chifukwa malingaliro a anthu okhudzana ndi zokhulupirira za m'manda.
Kafukufuku Wasayansi
Kafukufuku wasayansi wa hipinosi wakhala wakukula padziko lonse. Zitsanzo zamatsenga (brain scans) zionetsa kuti pamene munthu ali pachiwopsezo cha hipinosi, magawo ena a ubongo amagwira ntchito mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, gawo lomwe limayang'anira nzeru ndi kudziwa (prefrontal cortex) limachepetsa ntchito yake, pomwe gawo lomwe limayang'anira chidwi ndi kukumbukira (anterior cingulate cortex) limagwira ntchito kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti hipinosi ndi "chiyembekezo" chabwino, koma ndi chiyembekezo chomwe chimapangitsa thupi kusintha.
Mu Malawi, kafukufuku wambiri saukuchitika chifukwa chokwanira chuma ndi akatswiri. Koma chipatala cha Mzuzu Central Hospital chinachita kafukufuku wochepa woona ngati hipinosi ingathandize pochepetsa madolo a anthu omwe akugwira ntchito ya umoyo. Zotsatira zina zasonyeza kuti anthu omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito hipinosi adachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. MACPA ikuyembekeza kuti ikakula, idzachita kafukufuku wambiri wa m'Malawi mwene.
Kugwiritsidwa Ntchito
Hipinosi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maboma ang'onoang'ono mu Malawi, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mofanana ndi padziko lonse.
- Thanzi la Malingaliro: Kuthana ndi mantha, kusowa tulo, masautso ochokera ku zochitika zoopsa (PTSD), ndi kudandaula kwambiri (depression). Akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito hipinosi kuti athe kusintha malingaliro ndi mayendedwe a munthu.
- Zamankhwala: Kuchepetsa kuwawa, makamaka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda opweteka monga cancer. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso pofuna kuchepetsa madolo ndi kuthandiza kupulumuka kwa opopera.
- Zophunzitsa: Kuthandiza aphunziri kuti achepetse mantha a mayeso ndi kukumbukira bwino. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'sukulu sikusachitika kwambiri mu Malawi.
- Kulephera Kuleka Chidakwa: Kuthandiza anthu omwe akugwiritsa ntchito fodya, mowa, kapena chamba kuti achepetse chiwawa chokoka. Koma mu Malawi, njira iyi sizogwiritsidwa ntchito mwambiri pokwana chifukwa cha kusowa kwa akatswiri.
- Kuthandiza M'masewera: Kuthandiza asewera kuti akonze maganizo awo, kuchepetsa mantha, ndi kukweza chidwi. Masewera ena a mpira wa miyendo ku Malawi amagwiritsa ntchito njira zofanana nazo, koma osati hipinosi yokhazikika.
Maufulu ndi Malamulo mu Malawi
Mu Malawi, palibe malamulo olondola okhudzana ndi hipinosi. Koma kugwiritsa ntchito hipinosi monga gawo la chithandizo cha thanzi la malingaliro kumayendera malamulo a umoyo. Wogwiritsa ntchito hipinosi ayenera kukhala dokotala wovomerezeka, katswiri wa thanzi la malingaliro (psychologist), kapena munthu wophunzira bwino komanso wovomerezeka ndi bungwe monga Medical Council of Malawi kapena Malawi Counsellors and Psychologists Association (MACPA).
Ngati munthu akugwiritsa ntchito hipinosi popanda chilolezo cha malamulo a umoyo, angamenyedwe ndi malamulo a Malawi. Hipinosi yachiwembu (stage hypnosis) siyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda chilolezo cha boma, ndipo ayenera kutsata malamulo a mapiko. Anthu ena amachita makalasi a hipinosi yogwiritsidwa ntchito mwini, ndipo izi sizofunikira chilolezo, koma ziyenera kuchitidwa ndi anthu ophunzira bwino.
Malingaliro a Chikhalidwe
Malingaliro a anthu okhudzana ndi hipinosi mu Malawi amasiyana. Anthu ena, makamasa amene ali ndi maphunziro, amawona hipinosi ngati chida chabwino cha sayansi chothandiza. Koma anthu ena ambiri, makamaka kumidzi, amawona hipinosi ngati matsenga kapena chisilamu. Amachiona ngati chimodzimodzi ndi mfiti kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mizimu yoyipa.
Chikhalidwe cha Chichewa chimakhala ndi nkhani za mizimu, mfiti, ndi amatsenga. Chifukwa chake, hipinosi, makamaka Hipinosi Yobwerera, imawoneka ngati yowopsa komanso yosayenera kwa anthu ena. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa hipinosi mu chipatala kumathandiza kusintha malingaliro a anthu, koma kusintha uku ndi kosayenda msanga. Akatswiri amafunika kukhala odzichepetsa ndi kumvetsera chikhalidwe cha munthu aliyense akagwiritsa ntchito njira iyi.
Akatswiri Olemekezeka a ku Malawi
Palibe akatswiri ambiri a hipinosi yokhazikika ku Malawi, koma pali akatswiri a thanzi la malingaliro omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zofanana ndi hipinosi m'njira zawo.
- Dr. Chiwoza Bandawe: Ndiye woyamba kukhala Professor wa Psychology ku University of Malawi (Chancellor College). Samagwiritsa ntchito hipinosi yokhazikika, koma amaphunzitsa za njira zina zothetsera mavuto a malingaliro, ndipo amalimbikitsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka njira zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha Malawi.
- Dr. Felix Kauye: Katswiri wamkulu wa thanzi la malingaliro ku Ministry of Health. Wathandiza kupanga mfundo za thanzi la malingaliro m'dziko lonse, ndipo amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zothandiza, kuphatikiza zomwe zingakhale zofanana ndi hipinosi, koma zokhazikika ndi chikhalidwe.
- MACPA Akatswiri: Akatswiri ambiri a m'bungwe la Malawi Counsellors and Psychologists Association amagwiritsa ntchito njira zochokera ku Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), zomwe nthawi zina zimaphatikizidwa ndi zochita zofanana ndi kuika pachiwopsezo kuti athetsere mavuto a mantha ndi masautso.